Non point source of pollution: State of the art – A research report by the National Institute of Hydrology

The report presents a review of several aspects of non-point source of pollution, like extent and effects of pollution in surface and groundwater bodies, pollution control, monitoring, modeling and management options. Non-point source pollution originates from diffuse land areas that contribute pollutants to surface and groundwater bodies. Sediments, nutrients and pesticides are transported from croplands either in a dissolved form in runoff or through adsorption onto eroded soil particles. Apart from this it can also enter groundwater through leaching.  

Non-point source of pollution from agricultural activities is a worldwide problem and is of major concern because of eutrophication and toxicity problems. The magnitude of the problem is a complex function of many physical, chemical and biological interactions in relation to soil type, management practices and climatic conditions. Non-point sources are likely to be critical in developing countries like India, where agriculture and rural habitations are still dominant. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered to tackle the problem of non-point source pollution. These include –

• Varying rainfall and streamflow pattern
• Widespread application of fertilizers and pesticides
• Significant cattle population with animal husbandry integrated with the farming systems
• Settlements sited close to the river with sizeable in-stream uses like bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal and large-scale floodplain farming.

The review of literature clearly points towards the need to address the problems of non-point source of pollution and to manage it  judiciously. The study suggests the need to develop catchment management plans for different river systems, their tributaries and associated groundwater flows. The plans ought to be strategic in approach and should take into account regional and national policies as well as activities likely to have an impact on the watercourse.  

Download the report here: