Rivers

The study develops a relationship between suspended sediment load and discharge for three basins - Kasol, Suni and Lower Satluj. The sediment load (tonnes/ year) and sediment yield (tonnes/ sqkm/ year) in suspension and as bed load of sand & gravel through the river channel, reflects upland erosion in the drainage basin and deposition of sediments in the alluvial bottomlands. A good deal of the sediment eroded from upland areas is deposited on lower hills slopes, in bottomlands, lakes and reservoirs.

The study assesses sedimentation rate, water spread area and volume of the Bhakra reservoir in Satluj basin using remote sensing data of IRS-1B satellite and LISS-II sensor data of the years 1988-89 and 1996-97. The original elevation-area capacity curves and the reservoir levels on the eight dates of pass of the satellite were obtained from the Bhakra Beas Management Board, Nangal.

Using the trapezoidal formula, the capacity in between the maximum (513.904 m) and minimum (450.436 m) observed levels was assessed for the year 1996-97. The loss of capacity till 1988-89 was 491.315 mcum and till 1996-97 was 807.354 mcum. These could be attributed to the sediment deposition in the zone of study of reservoir.

The study develops a water balance of a sub-basin, Pachaiar, of the Tambarapani river basin in Tamil Nadu. The various components of water balance have been estimated by using the process generating module of Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins (SWRRB), a model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

The performance of the USDA model has been validated internationally by various researchers. Since the model required continuous weather data, a time series of it has been generated using another model. The efficiency of this model has been checked with a meteorological station outside the basin.  

The study develops a precipitation network design for the Myntdu-Leska basin, which lies near Cherrapunji, the zone of highest rainfall in the world. Network design offers an estimation of the number and location of the rain gauge stations to provide adequate information regarding rainfall falling over the catchment. 

A detailed survey of the river Hindon was carried out to understand the nature of waste effluents and their impact on water quality.  As per the study, the river water is subject to varying degrees of pollution, caused by numerous untreated waste outfalls of municipal and industrial effluents.

The main sources, which create pollution in the river, include municipal wastes of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Ghaziabad districts received through tributaries as well as direct outfalls. In the non-monsoon months, the river is completely dry, right from its origin upto Saharanpur town. The effluents of Nagdev nala and Star Paper Mill at Saharanpur generate the flow of water in the river.

The study prepares a landuse and landcover map of Devak catchment of Ujh river basin in Jammu for the years 1958, 1979, 1990 and 1998 using image processing and visual interpretation techniques. It involves analysis of IRS-1A L2B2 (FCC) data for the year 1990, IRS -1C LISS III (digital data) for the year 1998 and SoI topographic maps for the year 1958 and 1979.

The study suggests a procedure based on the methodology of Gustard et al (1992) for estimation of baseflow index (BFI) using the mean daily discharge data over a period of 4 to 6 years for three rivers between the Mahanadi and Godavari deltas. The rivers from the Zone 4 (A) are Rushikuliya at Purushottampur in Orissa, Nagavalli at Narayanpuram wier and Sarada at Anakapalli in Andhra Pradesh.

The study applies the methodology developed by United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA), Soil Conservation Services (SCS) for the nine subwatersheds of the representative Dudhnai basin in Assam & Meghalaya and estimates the runoff volume on a daily basis for the period 1986-1991. The method is widely adopted for the estimation of runoff from rainfall depths and takes into account the important physical aspects of a basin on which runoff depends such as land-use, hydrological soil cover and antecedent moisture condition.

The study attempts to determine the adsorption characteristics of bed sediments of rivers for the control of metal pollution. In particular, it looks at adsorption of zinc ions on bed sediments for the river Ganga at Hardwar. In the natural conditions of river water, suspended loads and sediments have an important function of buffering higher metal concentrations of water, particularly by adsorption or precipitation. 

The study attempts to find out the pollution potential in the Hindon river, a polluted river in western Uttar Pradesh. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of pesticides was done using gas chromatography. Among various organic, inorganic and biological water pollutants, pesticides are very dangerous and harmful because of their carcinogenic properties. Pesticides are bio-accumulative and relatively stable and therefore require close monitoring.