India

The study evaluates groundwater on the basis of widely used graphical methods like Piper, Stiff and US Salinity Laboratory classification. The study concludes that, in general, the groundwater in the area varies from medium salinity to very high salinity, the latter being more common in the irrigated stretches. The irrigators are advised to ensure good land and water management practices in the fields, with particular emphasis on creating favorable leaching and drainage conditions to avoid further development of saline conditions in the area. 

The study aims to establish relationship between spectral reflectance of rice canopy, crop growth, chlorophyll concentrations and water use. Two fields were chosen for radiometric and agronomic measurements over the period from flowering to maturity (August to November).

The term skimming well is used for any technique employed with an intention to extract relatively freshwater from the upper zone of the fresh-saline aquifer. The types of skimming wells include: the conventional single strainer well, multi-strainers wells, scavenger wells, radial collector wells and dug wells.

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• Program Manager for Water and Sanitation Education NGO

Haath Mein Sehat

Location: Mumbai, India
Last Date: June 29, 2010

Groundwater models simulate groundwater flow in sub-surface aquifers in terms of quantity (level) and quality (such as salinity) using the mathematical or numerical approach. When a Groundwater model is embedded in a management framework these are often referred as managment models.

The study defines the climatic regions in terms of readily available climatic parameters like ratio of mean annual precipitation to global terrestrial mean annual precipitation and ratio of mean annual potential evapotranspiration to mean annual precipitation (Ep/ Pa).

The study focuses on the drought characteristics of the sub-humid climatic regions across different parts of the country. It establishes that the drought frequency and intensity have a significant relationship with the above regional climatic parameters. Average drought frequency (yr) is seen to increase gradually from dry to wet regions, from 4 years in the regions with Ep/ Pa ≥ 2 to above 8 years in the regions with Ep/Pa ≤ 1.

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The study gives a systematic methodology to determine field hydraulic conductivity using Guelph Permeameter (GP), its limitation based on the experiences gained in the field and a comparison of its results with that estimated from the predictive method for the soils in Central Bihar. Predictive methods applying empirical formulae are used to ascertain hydraulic conductivity from easily determined factors like bulk density, porosity and water content.

Physically based hydrological models, soil water balance, groundwater flow and transport models require values of saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity to solve the sub-surface flow and transport equations. Several field, laboratory and predictive methods are available for determination of this parameter. However, these methods have some advantages and some limitations. GP is used as a tool to determine the field hydraulic conductivity even when the water table is low. It is portable, durable and allows rapid field calculation of saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.

The report presents the status of urban hydrology and highlights some of the hydrological problems related to urbanization in the world and in India. It covers a discussion on urban hydrologic cycle, hydrological and related problems of India, impact of urbanization on streamflow and urban water management. Some information on available urban hydrological models and the recommendations for the management of urban areas is also included.

The problems of urban hydrology have been of world concern for several years, but there have been few compilations of background information and even fewer comprehensive investigations of specific urban situations. The new information and data are of vital importance to the development of urban hydrology research in future.